Research Papers and Other Writing Projects

When citing sources in research papers, use a conventional style, such as APA, MLA, Chicago, or Turabian. Each style specifies a uniform way of citing sources that will:

Image from Microsoft Clip Art

Speeches

When giving a speech, cite your sources orally. Provide enough information to allow an audience member to locate the source. Typically, you should include:

Additionally, consider offering a brief statement about your source’s credibility by stating the source’s connection to the topic.

Oral Citations (examples) by JMU School of Communication Studies

PowerPoint Presentations

When you use PowerPoint, be sure to cite sources for any direct quotations or images appearing on a slide. Write the information in a small font in a textbox at the bottom of the slide or under the image. 

If you use a graphic from the Internet, you should cite it, too, unless it is in the public domain (freeware).

Your instructor may also expect you to include a bibliography slide at the end of your slideshow. Your bibliography should not take the place of appropriate oral citations offered during your presentation.