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History

Historical Geography of America

This is a guide to the historical geography of America, with special emphasis on Virginia.  Maps, atlases, and works discussing these resource types are included. In addition, bibliographies are included here to help the researcher verify the existence and availability of a particular map.

Table of Contents

• Finding Books Glossaries America - Bibliography America - General Virginia - Bibliography Virginia - General

  Shenandoah Valley Rockingham County Directories Databases and Article Indexes Electronic Text Sources

Finding Books

Use LEO to search for books and media in the JMU libraries; use WorldCat (online in Research Databases) to extend your search beyond JMU, to find books, media, and other sources that you may borrow on Interlibrary Loan.

The following subject headings are examples useful in searching LEO, or any catalog that uses Library of Congress classification. When doing a keyword search, find additional subject words and phrases by looking at the subject words on the catalog record for a book that looks appropriate to your research.

Cartography-[place name], e.g., Cartography-America	Physical Geography-[place name], e.g., Physical Geography-Virginia
Surveying	United States-Maps
Virginia-Historical geography-Maps	Fairfax County (Va.)-Maps

Glossaries

Land Use and Natural Resource Mapping: Glossary of Terms. 1983 (Gov Doc microfiche I 19.76:83-102).

Glossaries of BLM Surveying and Mapping Terms. 1982.
(Gov Doc microfiche I 53.2:G 51/3).

Glossary of the Mapping Sciences. (1994)
(Ref TA 505 .G57 1994)

American - Bibliography

The bibliographies in this section generally include the total American scene. Many are produced by the United States government as part of its effort to record available maps held by federal agencies. The bibliographies include all time periods from the beginning of the American experience to the present day.

Bibliographic Index. New York: H. W. Wilson, 1937- .
(Index/Abstract Table 5).

Useful for its continual updating of bibliographic sources. Books and journal articles are listed.

Congressional Information Service. CIS U.S. Serial Set Index. Washington, D. C.: Congressional Information Service, 1975-1978. 36 vol.
(Ref Z 1223 Z9 C65 1975).

The Serial Set historically has published Congressional Reports and Documents. There are a large number of maps and map reports included in this index. Carrier Library has the microfiche of the Serial Set from 1789 to 1879.

Conzen, Michael P., ed. A Scholar's Guide to Geographical Writing on the American and Canadian Past Chicago: University of Chicago, 1993.
(Ref E 179.5 C66 1993).

Over 10,000 bibliographic citations are included in this source. Lengthy essays introduce the bibliography. Books, journal articles, government documents, and dissertations are included. Comprehensive.

Cumming, William P. The Southeast in Early Maps, with an Annotated Check List of Printed and Manuscript Regional and Local Maps of Southeastern North America During the Colonial Period. Chapel Hill, N. C.: University of North Carolina, [1962].
(GA 405 C8 1962).

Regional coverage is given for the total Southeast. Local coverage excludes Virginia and Florida. Some map reproductions are included. Scholarly.

Thompson, Morris M. Maps for America: Cartographic Products of the U.S. Geological Survey and Others. 3rd ed. Reston, Va.: United States. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1987.
(Ref GA 405 T46 1987).

In addition to a listing of map types and availability from the USGS there are chapters on American map development, types of maps, and the future of American cartography.

United States. Library of Congress. Facsimiles of Maps and Atlases: a List of Reproductions for Sale by Various Publishers and Distributors. 4th ed. Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress, 1980.
(Gov Doc LC5.2:M32/5).

Under each publisher/distributor it lists the historical map(s) they have for sale. Prices and availability will vary today.

United States. Library of Congress. Fire Insurance Maps in the Library of Congress: Plans of North American Cities and Towns Produced by the Sanborn Map Company.... Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress, 1981.
(Gov Doc LC5.2:F51).

Almost 10,000 maps are included in the bibliography. The arrangement is by state with a few maps included for Canada, Cuba, and Mexico. For each city it lists the map date and number of sheets. Small communities, e.g. Dayton and Elkton, Virginia are included. Coverage begins in the late 19th century.

United States. Library of Congress. Maps and Charts of North America and the West Indies, 1750-1789. Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress, 1981.
(Gov Doc LC1.6/4:M32/2/750-89).

Over 2100 maps are listed in this bibliography. Arranged by geographic area. Extensive annotations.

United States. Library of Congress. Panoramic Maps of Cities in the United States and Canada: a Checklist of Maps in the Collections of the Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division. 2nd ed. Washington, D. C.: Library of Cogress, 1984.
(Gov Doc LC5.2:P19).

Over 1700 maps are noted in this bibliography of mapping done in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (before the advent of aerial photography). Arrangement is by state and province. Information includes cities mapped, artists, publishers, lithographers, and map size.

United States. Library of Congress. Railroad Maps of the United States: a Selective Annotated Bibliography of Original 19th Century Maps in the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress. Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress, 1975.
(Gov Doc LC5.2:R13).

Over 600 maps are represented in the bibliography. The first part is arranged by maps covering the whole United States. This is followed by sections on regions, the states, and individual railroad lines. Annotated entries.

United States. Library of Congress. Ward Maps of United States Cities: a Selective Checklist of Pre-1900 Maps in the Library of Congress. Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress, 1975.
(Gov Doc LC5.2:W21).

This brief bibliography has 35 American cities, including Richmond, in which it notes map coverage. Coverage is 1790-1899. The Library of Congress has hundreds of thousands of ward maps.

United States. Library of Congress. Map Division. A List of Maps of America in the Library of Congress, Preceded by a list of Works Relating to Cartography. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1901.
(Media Resources LAC 10558-10559).

Comprehensive bibliography (over 1100 pages) covering the total United States. Map dates encompass the total American experience prior to the twentieth century. Arranged by geographic area. Subjects are as specific as county name.

United States. Superintendent of Documents. Catalogue of the Public Documents of the Congress and of All Departments of the Government of the United States for the Period March 4, 1893 - Dec. 31, 1940. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1896-1945. annual.
(Ref Z 1223 A13).

Designated as the Document Catalog this bibliography includes a large number of maps produced during the time period of 1893-1940.

United States. Superintendent of Documents. Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1940- .
(Government Documents).

The main indexing source for United States government documents since 1940. Maps are included in the bibliography.

Wheat, James C. Maps and Charts Published in America Before 1800: a Bibliography. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University, 1969.
( GA 405 W68 1969).

Over 900 maps are described. Arrangement is by region and state.

Writings on American History. Washington, D. C.: American Historical Association, 1902-1961. annual.
(Ref E 178 L331).

The years 1941-1947 were never published. A cumulative index for 1902-1940 is available. This bibliography attempted to list all historical publications for each year. Articles on maps are included.

 

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American - General

This section contains atlases and books of historical georgraphy in American history. Several titles of especial interest include the Draper Manuscript collection (guide noted under Josephine Harper) which includes maps of the first American frontier, Morrison's atlas of the South having some unique maps, and White's history of the rectangular survey system which discusses the government's efforts at surveying and providing land as the frontier was pushed west.

American Heritage. The American Heritage Pictorial Atlas of United States History. New York: American Heritage, [1966].
(Ref G 1201 S1 A4 1966).

A chronologically arranged atlas with "pictorial maps" that combine color drawings with the map. Text with maps.

Barrows, Harlan H. Lectures on the Historical Geography of the United States as Given in 1933. Chicago: University of Chicago, Department of Geography, 1962.
(H 31 C514 no. 77).

Essays.

Carnes, Mark C. Mapping America's Past: A Historical Atlas New York: Henry Holt, 1996.
(Ref G 1201 S1 C3 1996).

A scholarly discussion, with maps, of American history. Arranged chronologically this atlas is both delightful to look at and to obtain a wide range of information.

de Vorsey, Louis, Jr. The Southeast in Early Maps. 3rd ed., rev. & enl. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina, 1998.
(GA 405 C8 1998).

A scholarly work seventy-one plates of maps on the area to the south of Virginia. Detailed, and extensive, discussion of the maps.

Fite, Emerson D., ed. A Book of Old Maps Delineating American History from the Earliest Days Down to the Close of the Revolutionary War. New York: Dover, [1969].
(Oversize GA 405 F5 1969).

Seventy-four maps and plans are featured in this work. Each entry has a scholarly description and bibliography of additional references.

Guthorn, Peter J. American Maps and Map Makers of the Revolution. Monmouth Beach, N. J.: Philip Freneau, 1966.
(Ref GA 405.5 G8).

About fifty mapmakers and their maps are discussed. Includes map examples.

Guthorn, Peter J. British Maps of the American Revolution. Monmouth, Beach, N. J.: Philip Freneau, 1972.
(Ref GA 405.5 G82).

Over 120 mapmakers are featured. Biographical and technical information on their maps is noted.

Harper, Josephine L. Guide to the Draper Manuscripts. Madison, Wisc.: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1983.
(Ref F 586 D7 H37 1983).

Guide to the Draper Manuscript collection. The primary source material is available on microfilm and microfiche in Media Resources. Nearly 600 "cartographic pieces" are indexed in the guide. The Draper materials cover the Appalachian frontier up to ca. 1840. A separate DRAPER MANUSCRIPTS handout is available and should be used with this collection.

Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. Atlas of American History. rev. ed. New York: C Scribner's Sons, 1978.
(Ref G 1201 S1 A2 1978).

Approximately 200 maps are arranged chronologically.

Lord, Clifford L. Historical Atlas of the United States. rev. ed. New York: Holt, [1953].
(Ref G 1201 S1 L6 1953).

Over 300 outline maps are contained in this work. Chronologically arranged. Economic aspects are emphasized.

Lunny, Robert M. Early Maps of North America. Newark: New Jersey Historical Society, 1961.
(GA 401 L8).

Facsimiles of maps from 1538 to 1789 are interspersed with essays on the maps.

Morrison, Olin D. The American South; Historical Atlas. Athens, Ohio: E. M. Morrison, 1965. 3 vol. in 4.
(Ref G 1265 S324 M6 1965).

Highly detailed line-drawn maps. Volumes 1-2 are chronologically arranged. Many economic and social maps are included. The final volumes are arranged by state. All maps are indexed.

Morrison, Olin D., ed. North America in Antique Maps, 1440-1865, an Historical Atlas Composed of 300 Reproductions of Works by Contemporary Cartographers: Issued as an Aid to Research and with an Introduction to Cartography. Athens, Ohio: E. M. Morrison, 1968, 1965.
(Ref G 1105 M6 1968).

Generally political maps.

National Geographic Society. Historical Atlas of the United States. centennial ed. Washington, D. C.: The Society, 1988.
(Ref G 1201 S1 N3 1988).

This is an attempt to produce a comprehensive new atlas on American historical geograpy. Much of the work is text, with pictures. Thematic and chronological chapters are interspersed. About 380 maps are printed. For serious work other atlases will be necessary.

Paullin, Charles O. Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States. Washington, D. C.: Published Jointly by Carnegie Institution of Washington and the American Geographical Society of New York, 1932.
(Ref G 3701 S1 P3).

The first scholarly American produced atlas. Includes charts and graphs. Useful for its plans of cities and examples of many land grants and land growth.

Ristow, Walter W. A la Carte: Selected Papers on Maps and Atlases. Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress, 1972.
(Ref GA 231 R5).

Twenty essays include four on Virginia maps and one on Jedediah Hotchkiss and his Confederate map making. Scholarly.

Ristow, Walter W. American Maps and Mapmakers: Commercial Cartography in the Nineteenth Century. Detroit: Wayne State University, 1985.
(GA 405 R57 1985).

In this masterful study Ristow includes chapters that contain geographic areas, time periods, individual cartographers, and map production techniques. A chapter detailing the development of county atlases is furnished. Scholarly.

Semple, Ellen C. American History and its Geographic Conditions. New York: Russell & Russell, 1968 reprint of the 1960 ed.
(E 179.5 S47 1968).

Example of a general history with geographic analysis in American history. Bibliography.

United States. War Department. The Official Atlas of the Civil War. New York: T. Yoseloff, [1958] reprint of the atlas accompanying the Official Records...
(Ref G 1201 S5 U6).

Detailed maps made, and used, during the Civil War. Virginia is heavily reprsented. This edition is reduced in size from the original.

White, C. Albert. A History of the Rectangular Survey System. Washington, D. C.: United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, [1983].
(TA 521 W47 1983).

Classic historical study of the Land Ordinance of 1785, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, and the development of the land survey system that opened up the frontier. Primary source documents take up much of the work.

Wolter, John A. ed. Images of the World: The Atlas Through History. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1997.
(Ref GA 300 I42 1997).

Although this scholarly work covers the atlas on an international scale there are several chapters devoted to American maps. Chapters of especial interest include on on early American atlases and their publishers and one on county atlases.

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Virginia - Bibliography

The Sames and Swem entries offer exhaustive coverage of Virginia maps. The researcher in Carrier Library has the key research tools for determining available maps for Virginia.

Sames, James W. Index of Kentucky & Virginia Maps, 1562 to 1900. Frankfort, Ky.: Kentucky Historical Society, 1976.
(Ref GA 455 S25).

Exhaustive bibliography of maps located in major repositories in the two states and other libraries, e.g. Library of Congress. Information includes map call number, repository location, map state, date produced, and map name. A "bibliography" section gives annotated information including cartographer(s), map size, if colored, etc.

Swem, Earl G. Maps Relating to Virginia in the Virginia State Library and Other Departments of the Commonwealth: with the 17th and 18th Century Atlas-Maps in the Library of Congress. Richmond: Virginia State Library and Archives, 1989 reprint of the 1914 ed.
(Ref G3880 S83 1989).

Swem attempted comprehensiveness in his bibliography of over 2000 maps listed chronologically from 1590 to 1914. Entries include map title, scale, size, cartographer(s), occasional lengthy historical annotation, and location, if it varies from the repository noted in the title.

Swem, Earl G. Virginia Historical Index. Roanoke, Va.: Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company, 1934-1936. 2 vol.
(Ref F 221 S93).

Exhaustive index of several Virginia journals and law statutes titles. Maps are included, both as a specific subject, and as subcategories under other entries.

Virginia Gazette Index, 1736-1780. Williamsburg, Va.: Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1950. 2 vol.
(Ref AI 21 V5 1950).

Index to the Colonial newspaper. Contains some entries on Virginia maps.

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Virginia - General

This section includes examples of historical Virginia maps, e.g. Hale's coverage of colonial Virginia and microfiche copies of the original topographical maps made of the State.

Doran, Michael F. Atlas of County Boundary Changes in Virginia, 1634-1895. Athens, Ga.: Iberian, 1987
(Ref G 1291 F7 D6 1987).

Scholarly study that includes commentary with the boundary maps. Except for the early years the maps are shown in ten year increments (to match decennial census work).

Fry, Joshua. The Fry & Jefferson Map of Virginia and Maryland; Facsimiles of the 1754 and 1794 Printings with an Index. [2nd ed]. Charlottesville, Va.: Published for the Harry Clemons Publication Fund of the University of Virginia [by] University Press of Virginia, 1966.
(Storage GA 408 1751 F7 M3 1966).

Two maps on 8 folded sheets are supplemented by a publication discussing the historical background of the map. A bibliography and index are included.

Hale, John S. A Historical Atlas of Colonial Virginia. Verona, Va.: McClure, 1978.
(Sp Coll Oversize G 1290 H16).

Twenty maps, with commentary, from John White's 1585 map of "Discovery" through the end of the Colonial period. Several of the detailed maps contain information of Virginia west of the Blue Ridge. Bibliography.

Henry, John. A New and Accurate Map of Virginia Wherein Most of the Counties are laid Down from Actual Surveys; with a Concise Account of the Number of Inhabitants, the Trade, Soil, and Produce of the Province. [Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of Virginia, 1977].
(Storage G 3880 1770 H4 1977).

Facsimile, in four sheets, of the 1770 map. An introduction discussing the historical significance of the map is with the map.

Hutchins, Thomas. A Topographical Description of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina; Reprinted from the Original ed. of 1778. Cleveland: Burrows Brothers, 1904.
(Sp Coll E 163 H96 1904).

Early description of the middle Atlantic states. One folded map lacking.

Kuennecke, Bernd. An Atlas of Virginia: 17th, 18th, and Early 19th Centuries. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1989.
(Ref G 1290 K8 1988).

Developed as a curriculum guide for the elementary and secondary school student this atlas contains political, economic, landform, etc. maps.

McCary, Ben C. John Smith's Map of Virginia, with a Brief Account of its History. Williamsburg, Va.: Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation, 1957.
(F 229 J36 no. 3).

A bibliography and folded map is included along with the brief account.

Robinson, Morgan P. Virginia Counties: Those Resulting from Virginia Legislation. Richmond: Davis Bottom, Superintendent of Public Printing, 1916.
(F 224 R62).

Detailed, scholarly work. Includes maps. Extensive bibliography.

Sanchez-Saavedra, E. M. A Description of the Country: Virginia's Cartographers and Their Maps, 1607-1881. Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1975.
(Storage GA 455 S26).

Eight facsimiles of Virginia maps from John Smith's 1607 work to an 1865 Richmond map are included in this portfolio. A separate volume gives a scholarly account of each map.

Sanchez-Saavedra, E. M. "Virginia's Cartographers and Their Maps." Virginia Cavalcade15 (Winter 1976): 100-109.
(Bound Periodicals).

The author presents a brief overview of Virginia map makers and the key maps they produced.

Smith, John. Virginia, Discovered and Discribed by Captayn John Smith 1606. [Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress, 1972 facsimile of the 1624 map].
(Map no. 30).

The map is accompanied by a pamphlet describing the map. Bibliography.

Virginia. Calendar of Virginia State Papers and Other Manuscripts... Preserved in the Capitol at Richmond. New York: Kraus Reprint Corp., 1968 reprint of the 1875-1893 ed. 11 vol.
(F 221 V5 1968).

A few references to maps are included in this series. It is indexed in Swem's Virginia Historical Index (see above).

Virginia. Department of Highways. County Maps of the Primary and Secondary Highway Systems, January 1, 1971. [Richmond, 1971].
(Ref G 1291 P2 V5 1971).

A 1956 edition is located in Special Collections at the identical call number.

Virginia. Department of Highways and Transportation. City and Town Map Atlas, Commonwealth of Virginia. [Richmond]: The Department, 1984.
(Ref G 1291 A1 V32 1984).

Detailed atlas to all Virginia communities.

Virginia. Laws, etc. The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature in the Year 1619. [Charlottesville, Va.: Published for the Jamestown Foundation of the Commonwealth of Virginia by the University Press of Virginia, 1969]. 11 vol.
(Ref KFV 2425.2 1619ca).

Virginia laws to 1792. Map references are included. This is indexed as Hening's Statutes in Swem's Virginia Historical Index (see above).

Virginia Topographic Map Series Historical. [Reston, Va.]: National Cartographic Information Center, [1975].
(Media Resources Microfilm no. 1036-1041).

All Virginia topographic maps are in this microfilm series. They are the original (historical) topographics for the state. The first ones were done in the late 19th century.

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Shenandoah Valley

This section features mainly county atlases. The Thomas Lewis entry (Fairfax Line) continues to attract the attention of researchers.

Hotchkiss, Jedediah. Historical Atlas of Augusta County, Virginia. Maps from Original Surveys. Evansville, Ind.: Unigraphic, 1980 reprint of the 1885 ed.
(Ref G 1293 A9 H6 1980).

Illustrated, with historical sketches of the county. Hotchkiss was a leading Southern cartographer. Scholarly.

Lee's Map of the Valley of Virginia; Page Co. Luray, Va: The Valley Land and Improvement Company, 1890.
(Sp Coll Map no. 49).

Two maps that include detail within Page County and its periphery.

Lewis, Thomas. The Fairfax Line; Thomas Lewis's Journal of 1746.... New Market, Va.: Henkel, 1925.
(Sp Coll LD 3141 M566l W3932).

Primary source material on the survey that determined Lord Fairfax's southern boundary. A portion of the line became the northern boundary of Rockingham County.

Mitchell, Robert D. The Upper Shenandoah Valley of Virginia During the Eighteenth Century a Study in Historical Geography. [Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin], 1969.
(Media Resources. Microfilm no. 847).

Doctoral dissertation. Extensive bibliography.

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Rockingham County

Lathrop's atlas is the earliest atlas of the whole county. The Sames entry (Virginia - Bibliography) notes earlier maps of portions of the County.

Harrisonburg, Virginia and Vicinity Zoning Map. Harrisonburg, Va.: [s.n.], [1988].
(Map no. 46).

Example of zoning maps that are available for a community. Map no 28 is a 1979 edition.

Humphreys, D. C. Map of the Business Portion of Shendun, Rockingham County, Virginia October 1890. [s.l.: s.n.], 1890.
(Sp Coll Map no. 42).

In 1912 Shendun became Grottoes. Example of a historical city map in Carrier Library.

Lathrop, J. M. An Atlas of Rockingham County, Virginia; from Actual Surveys. Philadelphia: D. J. Lake & Co., 1885.
(Ref and Sp Coll G 1293 R7 L3 1885).

The first county-wide atlas for Rockingham County. Detailed maps contain topographic features and land ownership. Business references are given for towns and a "List of Patrons" offers genealogical information. An example of county atlases that were being produced in the late 19th century.

Pitner's Map of Rockingham County, Virginia. Washington, D. C.: Carl Pitner, [19--?].
(Sp Coll Map no. 41).

Showalter, Noah D. Atlas of Rockingham County, Virginia. Harrisonburg, Va.: Noah D. Showalter, 1939.
(Ref and Sp Coll G 1293 R7 S45).

Scholarly atlas with brief articles on individuals, events, and places within the county. Maps contain land owner designations, Scholarly.

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Directories

Ash, Lee. Subject Collections: a Guide to Special Book Collections and Subject Emphases as Reported by University, College, Public, and Special Libraries and Museums in the United States and Canada. 7th ed. New York: R. R. Bowker, 1993. 2 vol.
(Ref Z 688 A2 A8 1993).

A number of libraries holding extensive collections of maps and cartographic materials are listed in this directory. Useful only for advanced research.

Cobb, David A., comp. Guide to U.S. Map Resources. 2nd ed. Chicago: American Library Association, 1990.
(Ref GA 193 U5 C62 1990).

Directory of libraries and other map repositories arranged by state. For each repository it lists holdings information and such features as type of maps, dates of holdings, interlibrary loan availability, etc.

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Databases and Article Indexes

Below are links to a selection of electronic resources that are most useful for research concerning the historical geography of America.  Remember, however, that history encompasses many areas of endeavor (e.g., Education, Art, Economics), so you will wish to check all databases that cover your area and time period of interest.  Click here for Research Resources Home, where you may browse for other useful resources.

America: History and Life. 1964- . CD-ROM 1982- .
CIS Annual. 1970- .
Index to U.S. Government Periodicals. 1970-1978.
International Index to Periodical Literature. 1907-1965.
Nineteenth Century Readers' Guide. 1890-1899.
Poole's Index to Periodical Literature. 1802-1906.
Public Affairs Information Service. Bulletin. (PAIS). 1917-1921, 1923-1924, 1929- . CD-ROM 1972- .
Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature. 1900- . CD-ROM 1984- .

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Electronic Text Sources

History - Maps

This web site on the Carrier Library Home Page (CLHP) includes links to historical American maps.

Internet Search Systems

The CLHP site for search engines. Useful for locating Internet sources having historical geography documents.

WorldCat (VIVA)

Electronic Text.
WorldCat is an online catalog to most American libraries. It is updated continuously and has over 35 million book titles.

 

Have a suggestion? Need Help? Ask Patricia Hardesty -- hardespn@jmu.edu
This page last reviewed by P. Hardesty on 1/9/2009.